Decoding the Six Conflicts in Literature (With Examples)

Decoding the Six Conflicts in Literature (With Examples) Conflict is part of the narrative arc and does much to connect readers to a story or a storys characters. It involves problems or obstacles that arise within a story- both internal (or in a characters mind) and external (caused by other characters or forces). Since all readers are familiar with conflict in their own lives, it helps to deepen engagement with a story or character and provide deeper meaning to the story.While there is some disagreement about how many types of conflict are evident in literature, the most commonly accepted number is six different types. These include: Man vs. Self, Man vs. Man, Man vs. Society, Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Technology, and Man vs. Fate (or the Supernatural.) Its important to point out that in these literary terms, Man insinuates Human, so it isnt limited to the male gender.Man vs. SelfMan vs. Self is the only example of internal conflict youll see in literary works and involves a character experiencing conflict within his or her own mind. Hamle t is probably the most well-known literary character experiencing Man vs. Self conflict throughout much of the famous Shakespearian play. A good example of how Shakespeare uses this conflict for character building are the following lines:To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life.HamletMan vs. Self conflict is most often seen when a character faces mixed emotions over his or her actions, or a decision that has to be made/has been made. You can also see this conflict evident when a character is facing mental illness or is unable to forgive himself or herself over past actions.Man vs. ManMan vs. Man is commonly seen in literature and modern storytelling and is a type of external conflict. This conflict will most often play out between a protagonist and his or her antagonist, although it can also appear between friends or acquaintances, as well.A famous example from literature of Man vs. Man conflict is in the opening paragraph of The Cask of Amontillado, a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe.The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I gave utterance to a threat. At length I would be avenged; this was a point definitely settled- but the very definitiveness with which it was resolved, precluded the idea of risk. I must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wron g is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong.The Cask of AmontilladoIn these opening lines, the narrator, Montresor, establishes his conflict with another man named Fortunato. This story also involves internal conflict (Montresor is what is known as an unreliable narrator, and the reader isnt quite sure how much of Montresors claims they can trust).Man vs. SocietyThis type of conflict is often seen in Science Fiction and is an external conflict that involves a protagonist at odds with a ruling body (which could be ones family), or social or cultural norms. For example, if the protagonist is fighting his or her government, or is accused of a crime he or she didnt commit, these would be examples of Man vs. Society as conflict. If a protagonist is going against the grain of what his or her society and people expect, this is also an example of Man vs. Society conflic t.An example of Man vs. Society conflict can be seen in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, in which the main character, Hester Prynne, is shunned by her people, the Puritans, for having a baby with a man who was not her husband (who has been lost at sea). Below is a quote that summarizes this struggle:No man, for any considerable period, can wear one face to himself and another to the multitude, without finally getting bewildered as to which may be the true.The Scarlet LetterMan vs. NatureIf youve read a story or seen a movie where the main character must face some sort of storm or event that happens as a force of nature (such as an animal attack), youve seen the Man vs. Nature conflict in action. Natural disasters like tornadoes or a character who is lost at sea and trying to find land are examples of this conflict, as well. In these stories, the concept of human survival despite the forces of nature is highlighted and in many cases, youll also find the internal conflict of M an vs. Self playing out simultaneously. A large reason for this is that nature can be significantly more powerful than humanity, so there is much self-doubt and struggle as the protagonist comes to terms with this fact.A great example of the Man vs. Nature conflict from literature is Ernest Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea.He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. Sometimes those who love her say bad things of her but they are always said as though she were a woman. Some of the younger fishermen, those who used buoys as floats for their lines and had motorboats, bought when the shark livers had brought much money, spoke of her as el mar which is masculine.They spoke of her as a contestant or a place or even an enemy. But the old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or withheld great favours, and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them. The moon affects her as it do es a woman, he thought.The Old Man and the SeaMan vs. TechnologyAnother popular conflict seen in Science Fiction is Man vs. Technology, which is when a protagonist is facing machines or technology (such as mechanical failure or robots) and must prevail against it. In many cases, youll see elements of Man vs. Society conflict happening within these same stories, as the technology is often used to enforce or maintain social and cultural norms.A great example from literature of the Man vs. Technology conflict is Philip K. Dicks Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, a book which inspired the cult hit movie, Blade Runner. Heres a quote from it:Do you have information that theres an android in the cast? Id be glad to help you, and if I were an android would I be glad to help you? An android, he said, doesnt care what happens to another android. Thats one of the indications we look for. Then, Miss Luft said, you must be an android.Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Man vs. Fate or the Sup ernaturalYoull find Man vs. Fate conflict often throughout ancient literature, particularly Greek myth and Arthurian lore. Youll even see it a lot in Shakespearean plays. Man vs. Fate or Man vs. the Supernatural is a conflict that occurs when the protagonist finds himself or herself pitted against a vengeful god or powerful supernatural force. As with other types of conflict, particularly Man vs. Nature, youll often see this one combined with the Man vs. Self struggle. This is because the protagonist must come to terms with his or her own humanity and limitations when involved in a Man vs. Fate conflict.A perfect example of this conflict from literature would be Homers The Odyssey, in which Odysseus, on his way home from the Trojan War, encounters a range of supernatural forces and beings attempting to stall him. Heres a good quote:Ah how shameless- the way these mortals blame the gods. From us alone they say come all their miseries yes but they themselves with their own reckless wa ys compound their pains beyond their proper share.The Odyssey

Largest Metropolitan Areas in the United States

Largest Metropolitan Areas in the United States Some of the most populous cities in the United States have held on to those top spots decade after decade. In fact, New York City has been the largest U.S. metropolitan area since the countrys first census in 1790. The other long-time holders of top-three titles are Los Angeles and Chicago. To have a change in the top three, you have to go back to 1980 to have Los Angeles and Chicago trade places, with Chicago holding the number two spot. Then, you have to look back to 1950 to find Los Angeles moving down to number 4 behind Philadelphia and keep heading back to 1940 to have Detroit push Los Angeles down to number five.   The Census Bureaus Criteria The U.S. Census Bureau conducts official census counts every ten years, and regularly releases population estimates for consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSAs), metropolitan statistical  areas, and primary metropolitan areas. CMSAs  are urban areas (such as one or more counties) with a city of more than 50,000 and its surrounding suburbs. The area needs to have a combined population of at least 100,000 (in New England, the total population requirement is 75,000). The suburbs need to be economically and socially integrated with the core city, in most cases by a high level of residents commuting into the core city, and the area needs to have a specific percentage of the urban population or population density. The Census Bureau first started using a definition of a metropolitan area for census work in the tabulation of 1910 and used the minimum of 100,000 or more residents, revising it in 1950 down to 50,000 to take into account the growth of suburbs and their integration with the city they surround. About Metropolitan Areas The 30 largest metropolitan areas in the United States are those urban and suburban areas containing populations of more than 2 million. The top five largest metropolitan areas  are still the five largest in population as represented in the 2010 U.S. Census. This list of the top 30 metropolitan areas spans from New York City to Milwaukee; youll note that many of the largest consolidated metros in New England stretch through multiple states. Several others across the country span borders as well; for example, Kansas City, Kansas stretches over into Missouri.  In another example, St. Paul and Minneapolis are both completely in Minnesota, but there are people residing right across the border in Wisconsin who are considered an integrated part of the metropolitan statistical area of Minnesotas Twin Cities. The data here represents the estimates from July 2016; a new census will take place in 2020. The 30 Biggest U.S. Metropolitan Areas from Largest to Smallest   1. New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA 23,689,255 2. Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 18,688,022 3. Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI 9,882,634 4. Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA 9,665,892 5. San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 8,751,807 6. Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT 8,176,376 7. Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK 7,673,305 8. Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD 7,179,357 9. Houston-The Woodlands, TX 6,972,374 10. Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL 6,723,472 11. Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA 6,451,262 12. Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI 5,318,653 13. Seattle-Tacoma, WA 4,684,516 14. Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI 3,894,820 15. Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH 3,483,311 16. Denver-Aurora, CO 3,470,235 17. Orlando-Deltona-Daytona Beach, FL 3,202,927 18. Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR-WA 3,160,488 19. St. Louis-St. Charles-Farmington, MO-IL 2,911,769 20. Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-OH-WV 2,635,228 21. Charlotte-Concord, NC-SC 2,632,249 22. Sacramento-Roseville, CA 2,567,451 23. Salt Lake City-Provo-Orem, UT 2,514,748 24. Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS 2,446,396 25. Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH 2,443,402 26. Las Vegas-Henderson, NV-AZ 2,404,336 27. Indianapolis-Carmel-Muncie, IN 2,386,199 28. Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN 2,224,231 29. Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 2,156,253 30. Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI 2,043,274

The Research Report for the Teenagers' View on Sex Essay

The Research Report for the Teenagers' View on Sex - Essay Example Research question: The fundamental research questions guiding this study are: "What are the essential views of a teenager regarding sex" "What do such views of a teenager signify with regard to his particular life stage" Aims of study: The focal point of the study has been an investigation on a teenager's views on sex. The study also covers an analysis of the various developmental needs of a teenager, especially relating to his sexual needs. The study also investigates the characteristics of a teenager's life as suggested primarily by his views on sex. This reflective analysis of the attitudes of teenagers on the question of sex calls for a mixed methodology incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research, aiming at establishing the fundamental views of teenagers. Literature review provides another most essential tool for the investigative purposes. The scope for an extensive sampling and data collection is limited in this sort study. Therefore, the main focus will be a discussion on the topic with regard to the review of literature. Sex has been one of the subtlest issues of discussion among the teenagers, and the lack of proper sex education among teenagers is evident in several cases. The distorted and disinterested attitudes of the adults and teachers regarding sex education of the teenagers are especially reflected in their understanding of sex. Through seminal researches and interviews with teenagers, found that "most of the teenagers had never had a single serious, factual discussion about sex with any adult, including parents." (Adelman 1992. P. 15). According to him, the basic issue with regard to teenager's attitudes of sex has been the result of the lack of sex education and the prevailing traditional views on sex. "The results of poor education, ignorance, and conservative ideas about sexuality have been appalling." (Adelman 1992. P. 15). It is obvious fact to every parent that the teenage years are all but an easy time. There are several issues concerning teenagers which become the hallmarks of ever y family's discussions and they include dating, driving, and drinking etc. The 'do's and don'ts' of proper behaviour as well as decorum lie beneath a teenager's every move. "Parents fret that they have not done enough to ensure their child's growth and success; teachers worry that they are not preparing their students for their next grade or career move; and teenagers agonize over every step because, for them, every step is their first step." (Kaplan 1999. P. Xviii). Sexual perceptions of the teenagers are the central factor which indicates the developments of the individuals through adolescence. It is of paramount consideration that young people, by the time they reach adolescence, have acquired sexual attitudes, values, and behaviours, and they are picked up by the stereotypes of gender. A teenage girl tends to believe that she needs to fit in with what their sexual counterparts require in the way of feminine image, and, thus, she considers romancing and being in love are significant to her life. Similarly, teenage boys take on a competitive masculine style and they consider risk taking as part of 'being man'. In their teenage

Entrepreneurship Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship - Coursework Example In such a way, the following analysis will seek to engage the reader with some of the reasons for why networking is such an integral aspect and should be appreciated to a more definitive level and degree. Firstly, the most obvious reason for why networking is ultimately important has to do with the overall level of connections that an individual can build within the business community. These connections have a clear linkage to the way in which consumers and producers can be linked. One does not need to delve too deeply into existing literature to find the way in which value chain management and the relationship between producers and suppliers must be delineated in order to come to an appreciation for the fact that these connections are an invaluable compote of seeking to further the business profitability and continued survival of a given entrepreneur/business entity. Ultimately, the goal of these connections, brought about might networking, is to create a series of friendships and a t least acquaintance with stakeholders within a variety of different fields. It must not be understood that networking is done solely as a means of benefiting the bottom line. Oftentimes, networking has the tangential benefit of allowing the individual entrepreneur to come to a more full and well nuanced knowledge of existing best practices within a given field. Through such a knowledge of best practices, the entrepreneur can then apply these best practices, changing them as he/she feels fit, to more appropriately embodied the goals and visions of their respective business entity. Within such a way, the entrepreneur becomes less insular and can rely upon the best practices of different individuals in different fields as a means of benefiting their own business. All too often, producers and entrepreneurs are caught in the unenlightened frame of mind that they are in a game against the world. Within such an unenlightened standpoint, the entrepreneur does not wish to accept the best pr actices for business approach that many other individuals that they might network with have utilized to a great level of success. However, a brief and cursory analysis of the existing business environment notices that many of the most successful and multinational firms have sought to engage best practices in other tangentially related businesses as a means of benefiting their own bottom line and approach to the consumer. Moreover, one can see an example of the importance that networking can have with respect to the way in which network theory, a sociological construct, delineates the way in which this can and should occur within the realm of both business and interpersonal interaction. As such, network theory denotes that the greater the level of connections that can be made the greater the empathy and synergy that can be developed within each of these relationships/networks. As such, using the case of a large multinational firm such as Apple, one can readily denote the fact that ne twork theory is definitively in use and applied across the board with regard to the way in which business interactions and needs fulfillment takes place. Finally, seeking to forge these networks can result in lasting friendships and network relationships which encourage business to grow beyond the market constraints. For instance, if a given supplier has formed a

American Airlines Essay Example for Free

American Airlines Essay 1. Issues 2. American Airlines objectives 3. The airline industry 4. Market 5. Consumer needs 6. Brand image 7. Distribution system 8. Pricing 9. Marketing related strategies 10. Assumptions and risks 1- Issues The main issue of this case is the lack of profits of the airline industry, an industry that should be more than profitable due to the large amount of customers, the necessity of using airlines services and the high prices charged by most of these airlines. What we are going to deal with is, why is this happening? And how is American airlines dealing with this problem?. To be able to discuss how American airlines wants to regain profitability, we must identify and analyse different issues such as, the companys background, the airline industry as a whole, the demand for air travel, the marketing strategies, the distribution systems, pricing policies etc. 2- American Airlines objectives American Airlines prime objective is to bring back value to air travel, through stimulating business travel, lowering prices etc. So in other words American Airlines main objective is to become as profitable as possible. To understand better the companys objectives we first have to focus on the companys background, this way we will find out why the airline is not as profitable as it should, and what kind of a change is needed. American Airlines had been the largest airline in the United States for a long time. In 1990 and 1991 due to a recession and the Gulf War, demand for air travel dropped drastically, for this reason, fare wars started and all the airlines incurred massive losses. 3- The Airline industry and the market The airline industry is large, specially in the United States, mainly due to the Deregulation of the industry. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Board was created to control the growth of the air transportation industry. This board had the authority to control entry, exit, prices and methods of competition. In the late 1970 this structure was found inefficient and in 1978 deregulation took place. Due to the deregulation of the industry competition intensified, prices dropped, and the number of people travelling increased. Many new companies  emerged and regional airlines saw deregulation as an opportunity to expand. Due to the rise in competition, by 1986 mergers started to take place and in 1987 64.8% of the market was controlled by the four largest airlines. The demand for air travel is determined mainly by price, studies revealed that half of the leisure travellers and on quarter of business travellers did not have a preference for a particular airline, which means that prices determined the preference. So the strategy to compete for customers consisted mainly in pricing and flight schedules. The demand for flights varies depending on the season or the business cycle therefore airlines have to develop different pricing strategies and offers depending on the season or the business cycle period. An other determinant for demand is technology, the new telecommunication possibilities have made air travelling unnecessary in some cases, which of course has affected airlines revenues. 4- Consumer needs. Consumer needs are clear, what airline consumers need is basically god prices and good flight schedules. These are the basic needs, apart from these ones we could also point out other needs such as big, comfortable seats for long flights, good service on board, good food, punctual departures, check-in facilities, movie channels, etc. All these are consumer needs, but studies have shown that demand is mainly determined by price and a flight schedules, the rest just add value to these two, therefore companies must focus on ways to lower prices and provide good flight timetables. There are two types of travellers, business travellers and leisure travellers, these two of course have different needs, for the first ones price is not so important because usually the company pays for it on the other hand punctuality and flight schedules are very important to them. For leisure travellers the most important thing is usually price, and the rest comes after that. But as I said before consumer needs can be summarised in these to price and schedules. 5- Brand image American Airlines brand image is good, due to its successful background and its new marketing strategies. In 1991 American Airlines was the biggest airline in the United States, and the reason for it is that this airline was pioneer in many fields gaining competitive advantage over the other airlines. When deregulation took part in 1978, American transformed in  such a way that it became the industrys market share leader. American had also pioneered several policies that affected the industrys structure and standard practices. In the late 1960s, American introduced the first computerised airline reservation system, which revolutionised the marketing and distribution of the travel industry. American also introduced the super saver fares in 1977, which was the first programme of deep discounts for leisure travellers, and in 1981, American launched the first frequent-flier programme, which created brand loyalty towards the airline. American Airlines is constantly developing new strategies, and introducing new technologies, and this is why its brand image is so high. Some of the new innovations that American Airlines is introducing are, the any time fares for business, new plan ahead for leisure, lower first class fares, etc. 6- The distribution system The main distribution system for air travel is the travel agent, which provides not only the flight ticket, but also supplementary services such as car rentals, hotels, excursions, etc. Airlines ask the agents to make reservations and deliver tickets. There is a difference in the distribution of tickets for business travellers and leisure travellers. Leisure travellers deal always with the agent, but for business travellers sometimes the airlines make deals directly with the companies. Airlines also make special offers to large corporate buyers, like price discount for frequent flier travellers, or quantity discounts. Nowadays there are other distribution systems, such as on line booking, and airlines home delivery tickets. 7- Pricing After the deregulation, pricing policies changed drastically, airlines started to offer a wide variety of fares discounted below the regular price. These discount were accompanied by several restrictions such as advanced booking, no refund, no changing dates, etc. Therefore people unwilling to meet these restrictions paid a higher price. At American Airlines management was viewed as selling the right seat to the right person, this means that they search for ways to find out who is willing to pay a higher price, and how can they make him pay a higher price. By 1991, the industrys pricing structure had become enormously complex. Americans flights involved maintaining 500,000 fares. By late 1991 93% of the tickets  were sold at one kind of a discount or another. And the average discount was 63%. Due to the complex pricing structure American developed the value pricing plan. This plan consisted in: First for any given flight there would be only four different fares. Second, all fares would be mileage-related, and finally, the new fares were set below the levels of comparable existing fares so lower prices would be available to more business and leisure travellers. 8- Marketing related strategies Some the marketing strategies carried out by American Airlines have been: -Computerised reservation Systems: This system changed the industrys marketing and distribution systems. This system stored information about, flights, seats availability and fares. Which made the booking and distribution a lot easier. CRS systems gave American Airlines a great competitive advantage over the other airlines, as booking fees by CRS enabled American to earn substantial amounts from its competitors. -Hubbing: With hubbing, flights from various origins on spokes of the network are channelled through an intermediate location, where they change planes and are re-routed to their final destination. This way the airline can serve more locations with fewer planes. -Frequent Flyer programmes: These programmes provide discounts or bonuses to frequent travellers. The value of the bonuses increase as the mileage flown increase, the bonuses can take various forms such as, fare reductions, upgrades to better classes or even free tickets. 9- Assumptions and risks In my opinion all of this strategies are brilliant, the only risk I see is in hubbing, customers sometimes dont want spend additional time changing planes, there is the risk of missing connecting planes, luggage may get lost, etc. In the rest of the strategies I dont see any risks what so ever.

Measure for Measure Essay: Immorality and Corruption -- Measure for Me

Immorality and Corruption in Measure for Measure      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In ‘Measure for Measure’, Shakespeare demonstrates that there is an innate immorality and corruption in the heart of man. Shakespeare illustrates that power does not cause corruption.   This is achieved by presenting the Duke, who has the most power in Vienna, as a moral hero, and conversely revealing the corruption of the powerless class through characters including Pompey, Mistress Overdone, and Barnadine.   Through all this, Shakespeare uses Lord Angelo in Measure for Measure to show that immorality and corruption is innate in mankind. It is worth noting that Lord Angelo's name evokes an image of purity and holiness.   Names are given at birth, and the idea that he is called angelic from the start, would argue against this doctrine of innate depravity.   But, as Shakespeare argues, it's a name that can't be lived up to because of natural passions and lusts, which ultimately leads to Angelo's hypocrisy.   The play opens up not only labelling Angelo with a pure name, but also as a puritanical deputy, who has been "elected" (1.1.18) to enforce the laws while the Duke is away.   This idea of "election" not only signifies the political decree of Vienna, but also a Pauline doctrine that relates to men and angels.   But what's even more interesting, is that when the apostle Paul writ... ...lives in spite of them.    Works Cited and Consulted: Black, James. "The Unfolding of Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Survey 26 (1973): 119-28. Leech, Clifford. "The 'Meaning' of Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Survey 3 (1950): 69-71. New American Standard Bible. Reference ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1975. Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. The Arden Shakespeare. Ed. J.W. Lever. London: Routledge, 1995. Thomas, Vivian.   The Moral Universe of Shakespeare's Problem Plays.   London: Croom Helm, 1987. Wilders, John.   "The Problem Comedies."   In Wells, Stanley, ed.   Shakespeare: Select Bibliographical Guides.   London: Oxford UP, 1973.

Review and Critical thinking Essay

Review Questions Syncopation is placing emphasis or accents on beats that are unexpected, or, alternatively. Is music that combined the music of marches with the rhythms of African music. The instruments used for ragtime are used in jazz. Cornetist who helped to create jazz music . His music had a loud piercing sound that be heard in the distance. Bebop had faster rhythms and more complex harmonies. A form of jazz that emphasized improvisation. In hot jazz multiple musicians did improvisation, In classic it was one. Critical Thinking Questions Both use improvisation at some point. A difference is that classical music try not to improvise but jazz music use it all the time. A characteristic of jazz is that it uses a of improvisation. Another characteristic is that it has influence from its african roots. What they mean by that is that jazz is America’s music, it was created in america and was given a lot attention. Even the government gave attention to it. Buddy bolden was one of the people to create jazz, not much is know about his music, but some people that heard his music have said it was a loud piercing sound that can be heard from a distance. Improvisation is creating music in the moment by responding to the other players around you. Jazz music uses improvisation almost all the time, most jazz pieces use improvisation.

Fashion life

What you wear defines who you are. Fashion is an enormous icon in our society. It is practically the thing we can never go without. We make our very first impression by what we wear not by our personalities. They say you are what you eat but truly you are what you wear and fashion has provided us with a little something to define everyone. There are so many styles of fashion: Goth, Chic, Prep, Hippies etc. Every style has its own description so why would we not be classified into that style and its description that fits us perfectly.What we wear can also make it easy for us to identify people and whether they are ho we want to socialism with, I. E. An individual wearing all Goth (black colored clothing) would not befriend someone who wears preppy clothing (beige colored clothing). Fashion plays an even bigger role when it comes to uniforms; do you that think without uniforms we would be able to identify the authority on our streets? Do you think that we would have the same respect fo r a doctor in a Shares and t-shirt?A number of religions prescribed a specific clothing style aside for us. Our designers are creative geniuses in all aspects. There is no obvious reason as to why we buy the yep of wardrobes we do. It could be to make a statement to get noticed, I. E. Prostitutes are easy to spot with their provocative style of fashion. Others might Just be copying the current trend – this makes it hard for to prove the theory of â€Å"what you wear defines you† – but then we could Judge these individuals as those who have not found a style that defines them.We wear clothes to beautify ourselves to attract the attention we seek. We dress a certain way that mirrors the mood we are in, happy = bright colored clothing & sad = grey and baggy clothing, there are many seasons as to why we take hours Just deciding what to wear because it is essential in our lives to create the correct mood, persona, background, etc. Why wouldn't one agree with this sta tement?We choose the clothes we wear by the way we want to be perceived by others, fact. Several options about how could one not define ones self with it. They say don't Judge a book by its cover but in the end we still go ahead and judge this is the same for fashion which is why we make sure we always look good. We do not need loincloths anymore to Just cover up it is the 21st century! There is a whole new meaning to clothing ourselves.

Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Example

Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Example Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Stem cells are the promise of new skylines in the field of medical specialty with wholly new attacks into how adult male looks at diseases and their remedy and besides promises some penetration and apprehension of cells and cell rhythms. When sperm and ovary cells come together, they form the fertilized ovum, which has the possible to go the full being. This fertilized ovum undergoes farther divisions and becomes blastocyst ( 32 cell phase ) and so the gastrulocyte ( 64 cell phase ) 90 yearss into gestation. It is at this phase that the cells differentiate and make up ones mind their destinies. The cells harvested from these phases are known as Human Embryonic root cells. ( 1 Evans and Kaufman,1981 ; 2Martin et al.1981 ) together with their developmental potency in vivo, ES cells besides show the capacity to organize differentiated cell types in civilization ( 3 Keller 1995 ; 4Smith 2001 ) . These have the potency of going any type of cell in human organic structure. Some of these cells merely proliferate and do non distinguish, therefore staying unchanged throughout the lifetime of a human being, and assisting in regeneration, and replacing of dead cells and fix of damaged tissues. The two most important inquiries addressed by the scientists today are, The ability of root cells to proliferate for periods more than a twelvemonth without undergoing distinction in research lab conditions, The assorted factors involved in ordinance of root cell proliferation and distinction and ego reclamation. Stemness The cells can be classified as root cells by their unique belongingss which are jointly called as stemness of a cell. They include the followers: They are unspecialized, which means that they lack specific programming taking them to developing into a specific line of descent and therefore hold the capableness to go any signifier of cell. This means that they can retroflex themselves umteen figure of times without undergoing distinction into any specific signifier of cell and can proliferate in the beings for old ages together. This is the premier cause for ego renewacan assist us understand the basic mechanisms indies and can besides check the grounds behind dysfunctioning of cells in instances like malignant neoplastic disease. foremost found in mouse ( Bradley et al. 1984 ) when they were induced into host blastodermic vessicles, they generated all types of cells. With this it was besides proved that they can be used to bring forth assorted difffentiated cell types in civilization by ( Keller 1995 ; Smith 2001 ) . From so on there has been a batch of attempt to standardise assorted protocols and better the efficiency of distinction. Further when hEScs were isolated for the first clip in 1998, ( Thomson et al. 1998 ) a batch of hope was generated on the practicalities of hESC based therapies. Depending on their varied abilities stemcells can be classified into the followers: Totipotent root cells: these can distinguish into any type of cell in the human organic structure. Pluripotent root cells: these are derived from totipotent root cells and after several yearss, can distinguish into any type of cell except for totipotent root cells. Multipotent root cells: these descend from pluripotent root cells and can distinguish into many cell lines within a specific type of tissue. Unipotent root cells: these are the posterities of multipotent root cells and can give rise to a individual cell type. Benefits of Stem Cells Stem cells are presently used to handle malignant neoplastic diseases such as leukemia. You may be familiar with the construct of bone marrow grafts, which have been used for decennaries now to supply a healthy beginning of cells in the organic structure. Other diseases that stem cells may assist include Parkinson s disease, Stroke, Spinal cord hurts, Retinal diseases, Alzheimer s disease, and Type I diabetes Human embryologic root cells are highly powerful interms of their curative value, since they are derived from early blastodermic vessicle phase and have the possible to be differentiated into 220 different cell types. As assorted techniques have been found to better the present techniques and their efficiencies by bettering the figure of attendant differentiated cells and diminishing the figure of contaminations, the hope on usage of stemcells is bettering. There are a batch of ethical contentions environing the usage of root cells, their maintainance and deducing them from embryos, together with immune rejection which is a major concern addressed by the scientists. The processs have to be standardised and the efficiency has to be increased. Stem cells can potentially in the hereafter be extensively used in conditions like malignant neoplastic disease, and birth defects ensuing from dysfunctional cell reproduction and specialization. Lack of public credence and proper authorities policies to back up human embryologic root cell research is another hindrance for more research work in the field. Figure 1 demoing the 10 to 12 twenty-four hours embryo phases, phases in which the blastosphere and gastrula phases are shown in which the endodermal differention occurs Clinical Importance The assorted line of descents developed from the entoderm in an embryo are as follows: Figure 2 Shows the representation of assorted variety meats developed as end point to endodermal distinction in mouse Picture adopted from Stem Book Endodermal distinction in vivo Formation of unequivocal entoderm in the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis The endodermal precursors present in the epiblast move to the anterior crude run. ( Figure 2 ) The Definitive entoderm cells move from the crude run and acquire integrated into the splanchnic entoderm which finally leads to most of the extraembryonic tissues. Surveies show that different cells are mobilised by their neighbors in the procedure of endodermal gastrulation. Figure 3 Gastrulation phase The distinction of assorted endodermal line of descents and extraembryonic entoderm by the endodermal primogenitors in mouse. The figure shows the mouse embryo at 4.5 twenty-four hours phase. The three major beds of the embryo -primitive entoderm, inner cell mass and trophectoderm undergo gastrulation and the procedure initiates the crude run, motion of the epiblast cells and coevals of assorted excess embryologic beds. The endodermal specification is still non clearly understood. In mouse it was found that crude run has to be initiated for the endodermal distinction. to happen. ( Kimura et al. , 2006 ) But in more crude species, endodermal distinction occurs before gastrulation. Endoderm derived functions Invivo The most clinically important of all endodermal derived functions, ? cells and hepatocytes are the most focussed in the root cell biological research of the past two decennaries for the obvious grounds of really high clinical importance. These in vitro engineered cells can be possible remedies of Type I Diabetes and liver disease. There are assorted cistrons which have been used to tag endodermal derived functions Foxa2, Gata4, Sox17, ? foetoprotein, albumen, Pdx1 and insulin. These markers are besides found in the splanchnic entoderm line of descents, which are really the extraembryonic entoderms, but are derived from the same primogenitors. Therefore due to most of these signals being present in both, it s difficult to distinguish them at the cheque point times as to whether they would distinguish into the endodermal signifiers or to the splanchnic entoderm signifiers. But there are some exclusions like the nanog, GATA-4, GATA-6 which play a major function in the distinction, which need to be justly regulated as per some surveies. Absence of Nanog and overexpression of GATA factors would take to formation of Visceral Endoderm. ( Mitsui et al. 2003, Fujikura et Al. 2002 ) . This fact makes distinction of hESCs into unequivocal entoderm tricky and calls for farther probes to understand the molecular mechanisms involved. There is another built-in job, which is that there are no specific factors which can can entirely distinguish the unequivocal entoderm. But, the scientists have been successful in bring forthing endodermal tissues. These include pancreatic islet cells ( Colman 2004 ; Stoffel et Al. 2004 ) , hepatocytes ( Hamazaki et al. 2001 ; Jones et Al. 2002 ; Yamada et Al. 2002a ) , thyrocytes ( Lin et al. 2003 ) , lung ( Ali et al. 2002 ) , and enteric cells ( Yamada et al. 2002 ) . Molecular mechanisms of endodermal distinction Assorted signalling tracts involved The cistron regulative mechanisms involved in the endodermal distinction have been dissipated in Xenopus, ( Davidson et al. , 2002 ; Davidson et al. , 2002 ; Loose and Patient, 2004 ) and zebrafish Stainier, 2002 The TGF?s Nodal, Gdf1 and Gdf3 are endoderm inducers in craniates Henry et al. , 1996 ) did surveies which showed that Vg1 and/or Xnr s are endogenous endoderm inducers. They used the negative activin receptor to barricade Activin, Vg1, and nodal-related proteins. Further surveies ( Agius et al.,2000 ; Dougan et al. , 2003 ; Schier et al. , 1997 ; Thisse et al. , 2000 ) proved that nodal signalling plays a polar function in endodermal and mesoblastic cell destinies. Another survey shows that the endodermal tissue is lost in embryos by the mutants in Nodal proteolytic activation site or Smad 2 and 3 signals are reduced. ( Ben-Haim et al. , 2006 ; Dunn et al. , 2004 ; Liu et al. , 2004 ; Lowe et al. , 2001 ; Norris et al. , 2002 ) . Lefty 2 is known to be involved downstream of Nodal moving as a represser, since higher concentrations of Lefty2 leads to excess endodemal formation. Further downstream GDf1 or 3 is involved in go throughing on the Nodal activity as they form heterodimers and signal at broader scopes. ( Tanaka et al. , 2007 ) Positive feedback mechanism of Canonical Wnt tract, GATA factors and Nodal signalling Nodal and ? catenin are straight involved in formation of the crude run. ( Conlon et al. , 1994 ; Huelsken et al. , 2000 ) . Many Wnt cistrons are found to be expressed in blastosphere and gastrula phases. ( Kemp et al. , 2005 ) . Wnt 3 is known to be expressed in Visceral entoderm and proximal epiblast in the gastrula. Both these signals activate each other. ( Ben-Haim et al. , 2006 ) These signals interact with each other locally, i.e Nodal stimulates Wnt locally in anterior crude run cells. The other factors involved in this tract are FoxH1 which binds at the FAST binding site nowadays in Nodal regulative part ( Hoodless et al. , 2001 ; Norris et al. , 2002 ; Yamamoto et al. , 2001 ) . Another protein which is involved in the procedure is Cripto which interacts straight with Nodal and Alk4. Another survey shows that Cripto bints to Wnt11 and activates A ; szlig ; -catenin ( Tao et al. , 2005 ) . The endodermal distinction is influenced by two different positive feedback loops one after another. A mathematical theoretical account generated shows that the cell choses either mesoblastic or mesendodermal destinies depending on the clip it and it s precursors are exposed to Nodal signalling, than really the concentration of Nodal as shown in old surveies. This is in footings with the fact that Nodal plays a polar function in dorso-ventral axis specification. The GATA factors There have been many written text factors identified which act downstream to assorted signal proteins straight responsible in endodermal distinction. Most GATA household members act downstream to Nodal. There are the forkhead written text factors, or the FoxA household of proteins which take forward the signals from the GATAs. Out of the GATA household of proteins, GATA 4 and 6 are known to play of import function in entoderm and mesendodermal formation, whereas GATA5 is non greatly conducive as tested in a smasher mice experimentation. ( Reiter et al. , 1999 ) . These cistrons besides activate functional factors involved in grownup endodermal tissues like hepatic atomic factor 4/HNF4, stomachic H+/K+ ATPase, etc. Figure 4 Interactions between assorted signalling tracts involved in Endodermal distinction Forkhead factors ( Class FoxA ) and their function in endodermal distinction FoxA2 is known to be active in the early gastrula stage and is seen to be positive for bow and midgut parts. FoxA1 and FoxA3 are involved in endodermal distinction, but their absence merely decreases the per centum of endodermal development doing them non-compulsory factors. ( Ang et al. , 1993 ; Dufort et al. , 1998 ; Sasaki and Hogan, 1993 ; Weinstein et al. , 1994 ) . These factors are known to be regulated by T- boxes and Tcfs ( Davidson et al. , 2002 ) . Sox17 It is known to be expressed in Visceral entoderm and subsequently spreads to the excess embryologic VE. It besides expresses itself in Definitive entoderm. ( Kanai-Azuma et al. , 2002 ) Some surveies utilizing boosters show that TGF?s modulate Sox17 ( Howard et al. , 2007 ) Sox17 straight activates the endodermal cistrons HNF1? , FoxA1, FoxA2 and Endodermin, partly by the interactive interactions with ?-catenin ( Ahmed et al. , 2004 ; Sinner et al. , 2004 ) . The other endodermal cistrons are regulated by Mixer or by the interacting Mixer and Sox17 twosomes. ( Sinner et al. , 2006 ) Mix household It is chiefly expressed in the external beds of endoderm/mesoderm, and is capable of bring oning entoderm in specific. Mixl1 and BIx1/Mix4 induce the entoderm. ( Henry and Melton, 1998, Tada et al. , 1998 ) . It is by and large found to be present in splanchnic entoderm and in nascent crude run, and is absent in unequivocal entoderm. But another survey shows that overexpression of Mixl1 can do inordinate endodermal formation ( Hart et al. , 2002 ) . They are known to adhere to SMAD2/4 dimers in the activin antiphonal part. ( Howell et al. , 1999 ) . Differentiation of extraembryonic entoderm line of descents It is of import to analyze and analyze the excess embryonic line of descents since they are really similar to the unequivocal entoderms, and are driven by same Cascadess of factors and come from same primogenitors. Crude entoderm is known to be coming from the inner cell mass Weber et al. , 1999 and some other cells get attached to the base membrane of the inner cell mass and so go the splanchnic entoderm, some differentiate into the mesenchyme and are known as the parietal entoderm. Most of this is understood by the invivo analysis and by embryologic root cell distinction experiments. Crude entoderm Inner cell mass has assorted line of descents in itself and different type of cells can be identified by the assorted cell surface markers. Once the epiblast is formed with the crude entoderm there are a few phenotypic alterations which can be recognised ( Gerbe et al. , 2008 ; Plusa et al. , 2008 ) . Generally Pou5f1 is used to bring on crude entoderm and is noticed invivo in really high concentrations in the blastodermic vessicle phase. ( Niwa et al. , 2000 ) . The XT between assorted signals is evident in the inner cell mass in the blastodermic vessicle phase. Grb2, Fgf4 receptor 2 and Fgf4 is a demand for crude entoderm formation. In the embryoid organic structures, insilico some Fgf receptors prevent this formation. And these are regulated by the GATA factors, Gata6, and Gata4 Li et al. , 2004. These act downstream to the Fgfs and Fgfs are known repressers of Nanog. Hamazaki and Terada, 2003. The activation mechanism of Fgf is unknown but occurs in the inner cell mass. The crude entoderm besides comprises of the extraembryonic endodermal cells. Kunath et al. , 2005. There have been many cistrons identified specific to the crude entoderm. The cistron look analysis have identified the crude entoderm specific factors. But these surveies are done on civilizations developed on mouse embryologic fibroblasts and farther surveies have to be done to guarantee MEF derived factors do non back up these cistron look forms. Parietal entoderm Differentiation further from crude entoderm to either splanchnic or parietal entoderm is non to the full escavated. This procedure happens at E 6.5 7.5. ( Gardner, 1982 ) . The acceptance of parietal endodermal destiny is due to a composite cascade which is to the full non known, but in presence of host blastodermic vessicles, the splanchnic endodermal cells and crude endodermal cells undergo distinction to organize parietal entoderm. Exvivo surveies show that parietal entoderm is induced when GATA4 and GATA6 are over expressed. ( Fujikura et al. , 2002 ) . Sox7 acts downstream and induces the GATA factor. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide ( PTHrP ) produced by trophoblast cells and induces mesenchymal passage in crude entoderm. Veltmaat et al. , 2000 Visceral entoderm The distinction into the splanchnic entoderm is influenced by assorted written text factors, HNF4 Duncan et al. , 1997. It is expressed in the crude entoderm ( twenty-four hours 4.5 to 5.25 ) . Upstream to HNF4 is the BMP2 or the BMP4 and the activin receptor. With these HNF1? and Foxa2 are besides involved in the cascade of signals. ( Barbacci et al. , 1999 ) . Gata factors are besides portion of the cascade which includes GATA4 and GATA6 ( Morrisey et al. , 1998 ) . These factors are besides known to be modulating unequivocal entoderm and therefore are of significance. The assorted interactions between these factors are unknown and merely the assorted factors which may be responsible for distinction into peculiar line of descent are understood through the cistron look analysis. The mechanism of control of the cascade still remains a mystifier. The anterior splanchnic endodermal formation happens due to co look of HNF1? and Transthyretin. ( Torres-Padilla et al. , 2007 ) . ?-fetoprotein and Ihh are other factors which regulate splanchnic endoderm formation. Nodal is besides shown to be expressed by splanchnic entoderm. ( Mesnard et al. , 2006 ) . It acts as a downstream regulator for all the above mentioned factors. Wnt 3 is known to be expressed in the posterior part. Kimura et al. , 2000. Both Wnt 3 and Foxa2 with the Otx2 booster act downstream to HNF4 and besides act as negative feedback inhibitors of the Nodal tract, which leads to the posterior part transforming into the crude run. ( Perea-Gomez et al. , 2002 ) . Endodermal distinction in silico Introduction By add-on of assorted distinction factors, human embryologic root cells differentiate into the three source beds, entoderm, mesoblast and the exoderm. ( Keller 1995 ; Smith 2001 ) .By the initiation of BMP4, hESCs bend to tropoblast line of descents. ( Xu et Al. 2002 ) . There are three established methods to enduce endodermal distinction. Figure 5 Showing the three available schemes for distinction of embryologic root cells. Picture taken from They are as follows: The first method involves hESCs organizing embryoid organic structures ( Keller 1995 ) . This allows culturing in three dimentional scaffolds, but regular monitoring of cells and assorted factors produced by them is tough. Thus this method can non be used in experiments to find the molecular mechanisms of root cells, but with better monitoring and usage of bioprocess control methods, this can be applied in regenerative medical specialty to develop whole variety meats. The 2nd method by and large used is direct culturing on stromal cells. ( Nakano et al.1994 ) .This method provides all growing factors specific to the the specific stromal cell line used. But certain factors produced by these stromal cells can suppress the growing of hESCs and when choosing the cell line, it has to be ensured that there are minimum cell-cell interactions and it doesnt impact the involvements of the experiment concerned. Third method involves culturing hESCs on extracellular matrix proteins. ( Nishikawa et al. 1998 ) .This method gives an advantage that all the factors added are good known, and their functions in distinction is good understood. This besides avoids any cell-cell interactions. The choice of assorted excess cellular matrix proteins is really of import and depends on which end point cell line needs to be generated by the experiment. These proteins, their concentrations, and clip of exposure influences the type of cell lines generated and their endurance and maintainance. There are assorted factorswhich demand to be considered before choosing a peculiar method as the distinction protocol. The initial cell lines of hESCs used for distinction, The concluding line of descents desired, The selction schemes should take to high grades of distinction rates, The schemes should be expandible for many coevalss of cells lines, and repeatable without much alteration in distinction efficiency. The end point cell lines must be stable, and should expose appropriate maps specific for the cells and must besides be stable in the transplanted animate being theoretical accounts. The assorted protocols available and the efficiency degrees have been reviewed by Smith 2001. Out of all the above challenges, keeping the root cells for many coevalss and increasing the efficiency of distinction are the most boring 1s. There has been non a great trade of advancement in hESCs, but work on mouse theoretical accounts are really positive ( Pera and Trounson 2004, Schuldiner et Al. 2000 ) . Endodermal distinction through Activin or Nodal The distinction of Embryonic root cells into the entoderm is really self-generated but the efficiency is really low. ( Itskovitz-Eldor et al. , 2000 ) . The assorted experimentations done in early 2000 s to distinguish the clinically important line of descents did non take to any success, but helped in better apprehension of assorted underlying molecular mechanisms of endodermal distinction. ( Hamazaki and Terada, 2003 ; Jones et al. , 2002 ; Blyszczuk et al. , 2003 ; Vincent et al. , 2006 ; Yamada et al. , 2002 ; Yamada et al. , 2002 ) . Nodal is one of the premier signals required for endodermal distinction of hESCs. ( Gadue et al. , 2006 ; McLean et al. , 2007 ) . Since Nodal distinction work has been really recent and non really cost effectual, activin has been used as a addendum in early experiments with low serum, ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ) . Most civilizations generated have been on monolayers. ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ; Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Efficiency of this method is known to depend on the root cell lines used. Lower concentrations of serum bounds the phosphotidyl inositol 3 kinase activity as shown by McLean et al. , 2007. The survey besides shows that MEF conditioned medium can besides supplement for Nodal. About 25 100ng/ml of activin gives 50-60 % endodermal tissues ( Gadue et al. , 2006 ) , but in lower concentrations would bring forth skeletal cells ( Kubo et al. , 2004 ) . The surveies besides showed effects of the sum of exposure and it takes about 6 yearss for markers like Sox17 and Hex to look a nd about 5 yearss for hematopoietic primogenitors to look ( Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . In a latest survey Achromycins are used to bring on Nodal supported endodermal distinction ( Takenaga et al. , 2007 ) . This new system is known to be more efficient than the activin driven system. But the ground behind this alteration in efficiency is non clearly understood since both have about similar mechanisms of action, except for for their station translational processing. Pancreatic development from ES cells There are two constituted protocols for distinction of pancreatic islet cells from hESCs. 1.The first one involves reassigning EBs from serum to a serum free media. Lumelsky et Al. ( 2001, and so trating with FGF and other factors. These cells produced insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Although the concentrations were low and the cells formed bunchs. But this method was non consistent invivo and did non give positive consequences in mice theoretical accounts. After this, the protocol has seen assorted alterations. Some of them are, usage of Pax 4 written text factor Blyszczuk et Al. 2003, Pdx1 Miyazaki et Al. 2004, suppression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by LY294002 ( Hori et al. 2002. After these interventions the end point differentiated cells the cells performed better in the mouse theoretical accounts to handle hyperglycaemic conditions. There are two nonallelic insulin cistrons, insulin I and insulin II ( Melloul et al. 2002 ) . While insulin I is expressed by -cells, insulin II is by and large expressed in the yolk pouch and developing encephalon in add-on to the pancreas ( Deltour et al. 1993 ; Devaskar et Al. 1993 ; Giddings et Al. 1994 ) . Since these modified civilizations contained neural cells, it can be explained that this lead to the remedy of hyperglycaemic provinces, and this was confirmed by the survey of Sipione et Al. ( 2004 Another survey besides shows that these pancreatic islet like cells absorb insulin into bunchs and within themselves and let go of them during programmed cell death. Rajagopal et Al. 2003 In a ulterior survey activin, exendin -4 and nicitinamide were used to bring forth pancreatic islet like cells which expressed Insulin I with high efficiency. Ku et Al. ( 2004 2. The 2nd attack for the coevals of islet-like constructions is based on development in heterogenous populations derived from hESCs after intervention with serum. ( Kahan et al. 2003This method like the old 1 has really low efficiency but has positive consequences. The attendant cells display most features of the pancreatic islet cells like look of insulin and hundred peptide but in farinaceous signifiers. Again these cells were non capable of supplying insulin for long footings to handle hyperglycaemic phases. A farther survey into this showed that Pdx1 is expressed in early phases of pancreatic development. ( Murtaugh and Melton 2003 ) . The survey besides showed that the organ is dpecified by the gut entoderm. The civilizations was established in G418 + media and were injected into hyperglycemic mouse theoretical accounts for 12 hebdomads and after 12 hebdomads the cell were seen to lose their functionality. Treatment with retanoic acid did non take to pancreatic cells but were endodermal which was proved by a cistron look survey. There have been contaminations in big graduated tables, particularly of the splanchnic entoderm line of descent, and even these cells are known to show pdx1. ( McGrath and Palis 1997 ) . This can be used as a selective marker to take for the differentiated cells. The experiments have besides been done on hESCs and like the mouse cell lines the efficiency is really low. ( Assady et Al. 2001 ) . Hepatocyte development from ES cells Hamazaki et al.,2001have generated a multistep protocol that includes specific growing factors in different phases of distinction taking to the hepatocyte like cells in the civilizations. A farther survey shows that they produce albumens. ( Chinzei et al. 2002 ) . These attendant cells were treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene in order to avoid proliferation of hepatocytes and were tested invivo in mice. Although really low figure, albumin bring forthing cells were detected about 4 hebdomads after injection. One of the surveies identifies cytochrome P450 as a liver specific cistron and this can be used as a distinction marker. Jones et Al. ( 2002 ) . It is besides found that it is non expressed in splanchnic entoderm. Another survey uses indocyanine green ( ICG ) as a marker of hepatocyte development in ES distinction civilizations. Yamada et Al. ( 2002a ) ICG-positive cells in civilizations could be separated easy as heatocyte like cells. This has been possible in human civilizations besides. ( Rambhatla et al. 2003 ) . To bring forth these cells, the civilizations were treated with Na butyrate, a process that killed important Numberss of the distinguishing population. The cells that survived this intervention gave rise to a population that displayed many characteristics of hepatocytes. Although the attack is assuring and consequences in the development of hepatocyte-like cells, the physiological relevancy of the Na butyrate intervention is ill-defined and can non be used in invivo experiments. The old research work in distinguishing hESCs shows some positive consequences and besides repeat the fact that the cells with features of pancreatic -cells and hepatocytes can be generated in helium cell distinction civilizations and the efficiency can be improved merely when extremely enriched primogenitors are accessible and different methodological analysiss for their coevals are defined and are tested in carnal theoretical accounts of diabetes and liver failure for long periods of clip. Molecular features which define Definitive entoderm Foxa2 and Sox17 are known to be expressed in most signifiers of line of descents of unequivocal entoderm as mentioned earlier. This is in add-on to assorted markers specific to assorted line of descents like Brachyury, Goosecoid, Lhx1, MixL1, PDGFR? and Wnt3a ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ; Gadue et al. , 2006 ; Kubo et al. , 2004 ; Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Cxcr4 is known to be portion of the signalling cascade involved ( Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Eomesendoderm is found to move upstream of Mixl1 in endodermal distinction. ( Izumi et al. , 2007 ) . There have been assorted RNA profiling and micro array analysis of assorted cistrons off late to understand this cascade wholly so that in can be reproduced in the research labs. Applications hESCs can be used as tools to understand basic inquiries in developmental biological science and can be used to work out assorted complex medical inquiries. These cells can specifically be used to understand cell destiny specifications, for illustration, the antero-posterior committedness of the unequivocal entoderm cells. They can besides be used as beginning for endodermal cells for biochemical or immunochemical assaies. The hESCs can besides be used to organize three dimentional scaffolds of peculiar endodermal tissues of involvement to analyze endodermal organ diseases. Endoderm regionalization and morphogenesis Assorted marker proteins identified show differed forms from entoderm to organ development. The place of the assorted endodermal primogenitors in the crude run shows their ulterior antero-posterior ( AP ) and medio-lateral place ( Franklin et al. , 2008 ; Lawson et al. , 1986 ; Tam et al. , 2004 ) . The entoderm at this phase can be divided into anterior and posterior countries. Homeo box cistrons are known to be expressed inhESCs ( Hesx1 ) ( Thomas and Beddington, 1996 ) are found merely in the anterior entoderm. It is besides found that anterior entoderm in the early phase with posterior mesoblasts induces posterior cistrons in the entoderm ( Wells and Melton, 2000 ) . The organ formation is driven by extra local signals together with the cascade of signalling which drives the endodermal distinction. Some of the escavated 1s are as follows: Fgf2 is found to be necessary for the development of liver and lungs which is produced by the cardiac anlage. Deutsch et al. , 2001, Serls et al. , 2005. Another factor found to bring on liver development is the BMP4 Rossi et al. , 2001. Another Fgf factor, Fgf10 is shown to play a function in assorted organ development including pancreas, cecum, lungs and tummy secretory organs ( Bhushan et al. , 2001 ; Burns et al. , 2004 ; Nyeng et al. , 2007 ; Sekine et al. , 1999 ) . It is frequently seen that modeling the endodermal cells derived from hESCs is really tough. Some old surveies show that activin goaded distinction coupled with little concentrations of the BMP and FGF ( Gouon-Evans et al. , 2006 ) . Retinoic acid and Fgf10 in absence of Shh leads to pancreatic development. ( DAmour et al. , 2006 ; Kroon et al. , 2008 ) . After distinction for twosome of times or at each transition, all these factors have to be looked for and it must be ensured that it is consistent through out the transitions. Applications of endodermal distinction Can be used to bring forth whole variety meats by utilizing root ce

Coordination Number Definition in Chemistry

Coordination Number Definition in Chemistry The coordination number of an atom in a molecule is the number of atoms bonded to the atom. In chemistry and crystallography, the coordination number describes the number of neighbor atoms with respect to a central atom. The term was originally defined in 1893 by Swiss chemist Alfred Werner (1866–1919). The value of the coordination number is determined differently for crystals and molecules. The coordination number can vary from as low as 2 to as high as 16. The value depends on the relative sizes of the central atom and ligands and by the charge from the electronic configuration of an ion. The coordination number of an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion is found by counting the number of atoms bound to it (note, not by counting the number of chemical bonds). Its more difficult to determine chemical bonding in solid-state crystals, so the coordination number in crystals is found by counting the number of neighboring atoms. Most commonly, the coordination number looks at an atom in the interior of a lattice, with neighbors extending in all directions. However, in certain contexts crystal surfaces are important (e.g., heterogeneous catalysis and material science), where the coordination number for an interior atom is the bulk coordination number and the value for a surface atom is the surface coordination number. In coordination complexes, only the first (sigma) bond between the central atom and ligands counts. Pi bonds to the ligands are not included in the calculation. Coordination Number Examples Carbon has a coordination number of 4 in a methane (CH4) molecule since it has four hydrogen atoms bonded to it.In ethylene (H2CCH2), the coordination number of each carbon is 3, where each C is bonded to 2H 1C for a total of 3 atoms.The coordination number of diamond is 4, as each carbon atom rests at the center of a regular tetrahedron formed by four carbon atoms. Calculating the Coordination Number Here are the steps for identifying the coordination number of a coordination compound. Identify the central atom in the chemical formula. Usually, this is a transition metal.Locate the atom, molecule, or ion nearest the central metal atom. To do this, find the molecule or ion directly beside the metal symbol in the chemical formula of the coordination compound. If the central atom is in the middle of the formula, there will be neighboring atoms/molecules/ions on both sides.Add the number of atoms of the nearest atom/molecule/ions. The central atom may only be bonded to one other element, but you still need to note the number of atoms of that element in the formula. If the central atom is in the middle of the formula, youll need to add up the atoms in the entire molecule.Find the total number of nearest atoms. If the metal has two bonded atoms, add together both numbers, Coordination Number Geometry There are multiple possible geometric configurations for most coordination numbers. Coordination Number 2- linearCoordination Number 3- trigonal planar (e.g., CO32-), trigonal pyramid, T-shapedCoordination Number 4- tetrahedral, square planarCoordination Number 5- square pyramid (e.g., oxovanadium salts, vanadyl VO2), trigonal bipyramid,  Coordination Number 6- hexagonal planar, trigonal prism, octahedralCoordination Number 7- capped octahedron, capped trigonal prism, pentagonal bipyramidCoordination Number 8- dodecahedron, cube, square antiprism, hexagonal bipyramidCoordination Number 9- three-face centered trigonal prismCoordination Number 10- bicapped square antiprismCoordination Number 11- all-faced capped trigonal prismCoordination Number 12- cuboctahedron (e.g., Ceric ammonium nitrate -(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6)

Economics 3400 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics 3400 - Essay Example Currently McDonalds manages more than 31,000 outlets across the world while providing employment to greater than 1.5 million people. Approximately, one in eight people from the US labor force have worked as employees of McDonalds. Any McDonalds restaurant is managed by a McDonalds itself, an affiliate, or the franchisees. The companys sales are generated through the royalties, rental of property, and charges submitted by the franchisees, and sales generated from firm-operated outlets. McDonalds sells various burgers and sandwiches such as Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, McArabia and McChicken. Other than burgers it also sells breakfast items like oatmeal and hotcakes. To make sure that the firm is not criticized for promoting unhealthy eating habits fresh salads, low fat milk, smoothies and fruit are also sold. Most outlets of McDonalds provide both counter and drive-through services. The services can be both indoor and occasionally outdoor seating. In 1975, after observing other fast food companies Drive-Thru was started in Arizona. To adapt to the recent preference for premium coffee and the overall reputation of coffee shops, McDonalds launched McCafà ©, similar to Starbucks. After making changes to the interior dining areas and facilities certain Australian stores of McDonalds have observed a 60% rise in sales. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600 McCafà ©s located across the world. A few McDonalds located in out-of-town residential areas and specific cities have enormous indoor or outdoor playgrounds. In 1987 the first â€Å"PlayPlace† with the well-known crawl-tube shape with ball craters and slides was introduced in America. Various â€Å"PlayPlaces† were constructed afterwards. Some PlayPlace areas have been redesigned and converted into "R Gym" areas. In 2006, McDonalds redesigned all of its restaurants. This was the first major change in interior since the 1970s. The aim of this modification

Trends Impact project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Trends Impact project - Research Paper Example UK office of Fair Trading and the Israel Antitrust Authority are also took interest on investigation because they also belief the same. Facebook was also planning to buy Waze at a price of $ 1biilion which would have made them more popular than Google. Waze was founded in 2007; it makes mobile applications which helps finding routes and direction. It got 47 million users in among 193 countries. The CEO of Waze said before the acquisition that Waze is the only real competitor of Google in mobile market. (Musil 1) Trend 2: Major News Source 1: â€Å"Now, Google Maps will notify drivers about more traffic jams as well. Google announced Tuesday  that its mobile maps will now include real-time updates about accidents, construction and other potential sources of traffic snarls. The information will come from the 50 million users of Waze, the social-mapping app that Google bought in June for $1.1 billion. Google Maps already had some real-time traffic data from third-party providers and by pinpointing Android users' GPS signals to estimate congestion on highways. But now that data will be bolstered by reports from actual drivers on the roads. Israeli startup Waze has built a vast network of motorists who crowd source such data as commuter routes and road closures to help each other outsmart traffic jams in more than a dozen countries. Frequent users can even earn badges and real-world prizes. Waze won an award for Best Overall Mobile App award at the 2013 Mobile World Congress. Apple and Face book were reportedly interested in buying the company  before Google snapped it up. Starting Tuesday, Waze users' reports on road conditions will appear on the Google Maps app for Android and iOS in the United States as well as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, France, Germany, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Switzerland and the UK. Users of Waze apps will now benefit from Google services  as well. The Android and iOS versions of Waze have been updated with Google Search to help users find local businesses and landmarks. And Waze's crowd sourced Map Editor now includes Google Street View and satellite imagery.† (http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/20/tech/mobile/google-waze-mobile-maps/) Major News Source 2: â€Å"Google’s motto is â€Å"don’t be evil.† But its recent acquisition of Waze, reportedly for $1 billion in cash, shows that just because you’re not evil, it doesn’t mean you can’t be aggressive in pushing the boundaries of the law,  Steven M. Davidoff writes  in a Deal Professor Column in The New York Times. The question now is whether the United States government will push back and force Google to give back its new toy. Waze is yet another one of those blockbuster deals for a technology company with little or no revenue that makes you jealous. Five-year-old Waze has just 110 employees, so Google appears to be paying almost $10 million per employee. As for profits, Waze’s chief executive , Noam Bardin, has said, â€Å"This is Silicon Valley. We don’t talk about those things here.† Right. Google is paying top dollar for Waze because it is at the intersection of two hot fields: map search and social media. Users download Waze’s app to their phone and then supply information about locations, routes and traffic, making the maps more intelligent. And Waze has the usual phenomenal growth in users, with 50 million worldwide. This is a field where there is believed to be oodles of money to be made in related advertising.†